Nutrition and Feeding Guide for Pregnant Mares
Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the health of the mare and the developing foal. This guide covers recommended dietary types, portion sizes, feeding schedules, and essential nutrients to support a successful pregnancy.
Recommended Dietary Types
Pregnant mares should be fed a balanced diet consisting of high-quality forage, such as grass hay or alfalfa, supplemented with a concentrate feed specifically formulated for pregnant mares. The primary dietary options include:
- Forage: Provide free-choice access to good-quality hay or pasture. Forage should be the foundation of the diet, providing fiber and essential nutrients.
- Concentrate Feed: Use a commercial mare and foal feed that is balanced for protein, vitamins, and minerals. These feeds are designed to meet the increased nutritional demands of pregnancy.
- Supplements: In some cases, additional supplements such as vitamin E, selenium, or omega-3 fatty acids may be beneficial, but consult a veterinarian before adding supplements.
Portion Sizes and Daily Calorie Needs
Calorie and nutrient requirements for pregnant mares increase gradually throughout gestation, with the most significant increase during the last trimester. The following table provides general guidelines:
| Stage of Pregnancy | Daily Calorie Intake (Mcal) | Forage Intake (% of body weight) | Concentrate Intake (per 100 kg body weight) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early (0-5 months) | 16-20 | 1.5-2% | 0.2-0.5 kg |
| Mid (6-8 months) | 18-22 | 1.5-2% | 0.5-1.0 kg |
| Late (9-11 months) | 20-24 | 1.5-2% | 1.0-1.5 kg |
Adjust portions based on the mare's body condition score (BCS). Aim for a BCS of 5-7 (on a 1-9 scale) throughout pregnancy. Underweight mares may require additional calories, while overweight mares should be fed conservatively to avoid metabolic issues.
Feeding Frequency and Schedule
Feed pregnant mares multiple small meals per day rather than one large meal to support digestion and nutrient absorption. A typical schedule is:
- 2-3 feedings of concentrate per day
- Free-choice hay or pasture access
- Clean, fresh water available at all times
- Maintain consistent feeding times to reduce stress
Essential Nutrients
Key nutrients for pregnant mares include:
- Protein: High-quality protein is essential for fetal growth. Provide 10-14% crude protein in total diet.
- Fat: Fats provide energy and support development. Incorporate 3-6% fat in the diet, using sources like flaxseed or omega-3 supplements.
- Carbohydrates: Structural carbohydrates (fiber) from forage are crucial; limit non-structural carbohydrates (starches) to prevent metabolic issues.
- Vitamins: Vitamin A, D, E, and B-complex vitamins are important. Commercial feeds are typically fortified.
- Minerals: Calcium and phosphorus ratio should be 1.5:1 to 2:1. Selenium, copper, and zinc are also critical. Provide a balanced mineral supplement if needed.
Foods and Ingredients to Avoid
Avoid feeding pregnant mares the following:
- Moldy or spoiled hay and feed (risk of mycotoxins)
- High-starch grains (e.g., corn, barley) in large amounts without soaking or processing
- Unbalanced supplements that may cause mineral toxicities
- Any plants known to be toxic to horses, such as ragwort or red maple leaves
Water Intake Recommendations
Pregnant mares need constant access to clean, fresh water. Water intake may increase, especially during late gestation and in hot weather. Ensure adequate hydration to support digestion and fetal fluid production.
Beneficial Nutritional Supplements
Some supplements that may benefit pregnant mares include:
- Vitamin E and Selenium: For immune health and muscle development in the foal.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: From flaxseed or fish oil, to support foal brain and vision development.
- Probiotics: For digestive health, especially if the mare is stressed.
- Calcium and Phosphorus: Ensure balanced ratios; avoid over-supplementation.
Always consult a vet before adding supplements.
Feeding Differences by Age and Stage
Mares may have different nutritional needs based on age and pregnancy stage:
- Young Mares (3-5 years): May need additional protein and minerals to support their own growth as well as the foal.
- Mature Mares (6-15 years): Standard pregnancy diet as described above.
- Senior Mares (>15 years): May need easier-to-chew forage (e.g., hay cubes or soaked hay) and a senior feed designed for older horses.
Signs of Healthy vs. Unhealthy Diet
Monitor the following indicators to assess diet adequacy:
Healthy Diet:
- Good body condition (BCS 5-7)
- Shiny coat and bright eyes
- Normal appetite and manure output
- Gradual weight gain appropriate for pregnancy stage
Unhealthy Diet:
- Weight loss or excessive weight gain
- Dull coat, lethargy, or poor appetite
- Abdominal discomfort or colic
- Abnormal manure (diarrhea or too dry)
- Poor foal development (e.g., weak foal)
Regular veterinary check-ups, dental care, and deworming are also essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy.